第一章 奋斗的开始——简单句
第一节 汉英句子比较
英语句子必须具备主谓结构，主语是谓语动作的发出者，宾语是动作的承受者，主谓宾顺序相对固定。
| 区别 | 汉语句子 | 英语句子 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 可以没有主谓宾 | 必须具备主谓 |
| 2 | 主谓宾顺序随意 | 主谓宾顺序相对固定 |
| 3 | 可以不遵循严格语法 | 大多遵循严格语法 |
- 错：
Chongqing Jiangbei Airport is arriving. - 正：
We are arriving at Chongqing Jiangbei Airport. （重庆江北机场就要到了。） 解析：主语须为动作发出者。 - 错：
Beijing is raining. - 正：
It is raining in Beijing. （北京下雨了。） 解析：地点不能自己下雨，用 it 作主语。 - 错：
I will cut my hair. - 正：
I will have my hair cut. （我要去理发。） 解析：理发动作由理发师发出，可用 have sth. done 结构。 - 错：
Lunch eat you? - 正：
Have you had lunch? （午饭吃了吗，你？） 解析：主语是“你”，发出“吃”的动作。 - 错：
My English speaks well. - 正：
I speak English well. （我的英语说得很好。） 解析：主语是人，“英语”是宾语。 - 错：
The dog did not find. - 正：
I did not find the dog. （狗没有找到。） 解析：主语是人，宾语是狗。
第二节 英文句子的基本结构
五种基本句型：
- 主语+谓语
- 主语+谓语+宾语
- 主语+谓语（系动词）+表语
- 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
- 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。
1. 主语+谓语
由主语加不及物动词构成，注意时态与主谓一致。
- 错：
The sun rise. - 正：
The sun rises. （太阳升起来了。）
2. 主语+谓语+宾语 与 3. 主语+谓语（系动词）+表语
主谓宾的谓语是实义动词；主系表的谓语是系动词。
系动词六类
- 状态：be
- 感官：look, sound, taste, smell, feel （后加形容词）
- 变化：grow, fall, turn, get, become
- 保持：stand, keep, stay, remain
- 表象：seem, appear
- 结果：prove
有些动词既可作系动词又可作实义动词，需根据语境判断。
Trees don’t grow in the Antarctic. （南极不长树。grow 实义动词）My younger brother is growing tall. （我的弟弟渐渐长高了。grow 系动词）The house has kept clean for years. （这房子多年来一直保持整洁。keep 系动词）I have kept the dog for 5 years. （我已经养这条狗五年了。keep 实义动词）
遇到不认识的动词，基本是实义动词，句子即为主谓宾结构。
I speculated on his idea. （我推测了他的想法。）I anticipated his fate yesterday. （我料到了他昨天的命运。）
4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语是主要部分不可或缺多为物，间接宾语去掉影响不大多为人。
双宾常见动词：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。
He teaches us English. （他教我们英语。）He gave me some sugar. （他给了我一些糖。）He bought me a birthday gift. （他给我买了一个生日礼物。）
5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
宾补补充说明宾语的状态、身份或动作，常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式充当。
We should keep the door open. （我们应该开着门。宾补 open）We named our baby Youyou. （我们给宝宝起名悠悠。宾补 Youyou）His father told him to make friends carefully. （他父亲告诫他交朋友要慎重。宾补 to make friends carefully）My father heard the boys playing basketball outside. （我父亲听见男孩们在外面打篮球。宾补 playing basketball outside）I had my watch repaired yesterday. （昨天我修了我的表。宾补 repaired）
区分主谓双宾与主谓宾宾补
理解技巧：在两个宾语或宾语与宾补之间加 be 动词，语义通顺即为宾补，否则为双宾。
I made John a cake. （我给约翰做了一个蛋糕。） → John is a cake. 不通 → 双宾My father will buy me a new smartphone. （我爸爸将给我买一部新的智能手机。） → I am a new smartphone. 不通 → 双宾I put my pen on my desk. （我把我的笔放在了我桌上。） → My pen is on my desk. 通顺 → 宾补
常见固定搭配
-
双宾：
- send sb. sth.
- give sb. sth.
- share sb. sth.
- bring sb. sth.
-
宾补：
- ask sb. to do sth.
- tell sb. to do sth.
- make sb. do sth.
-
Tiechui brought us some gifts. （铁锤给我们带来了一些礼物。双宾） -
I told her to go home. （我叫她回家。宾补）
第三节 简单句的成分
一、谓语
1. 谓语的成分
谓语必须是系动词或实义动词（词组），且具有时态和语态；一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词。主语不能发出动作时，用被动语态。
- 错：
Dayan must very beautiful. （must 不能单独作谓语） - 正：
Dayan must be very beautiful. - 错：
My mother love me so much. （love 应为 loves） - 正：
My mother loves me so much. - 错：
The front is building a house. （“前面”不能发出建造动作） - 正：
A house is being built in front. （前面正在盖房呢！）
找谓语练习
2. 多个动词的处理
一个简单句可出现多个动词，但只能一个作谓语，其余须变为非谓语动词（doing, done, to do）。动词原形不能直接作主语、宾语或表语。
- 错：
Do nothing is my habit. → 正：Doing nothing is my habit. - 错：
I enjoy play tennis. → 正：I enjoy playing tennis. - 错：
My dream is pass the postgraduate entrance examination. → 正：My dream is to pass the postgraduate entrance examination.
非谓语动词的句法功能
- 主语：
To finish the work by yourself is very hard. （你独自完成这项工作是很困难的。） - 表语：
Her job is to teach math. （她的工作是教数学。） - 宾语：
Frank enjoys playing basketball with his friends. （弗兰克很喜欢跟朋友一起打篮球。） - 定语：
I have a meeting to attend. （我有一个会议要出席。） - 状语：
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. （她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。） - 补语：
I wish you to be happy. （我希望你幸福。） - 同位语：
My husband’s habit, browsing the web before sleeping, remains unchanged. （我丈夫睡前浏览网页的习惯一直没变。）
理解技巧：多动词时，将主要动作作谓语（常紧跟在主语后），其余变非谓语。
Hearing the news, she jumped with joy. （听到这个消息，她开心地跳了起来。）Dayan pushed the door open, walking into the room and seeing students sitting on the chairs. （大雁推开门走了进去，看到学生们都坐在椅子上。）The Ming Dynasty had ruled China for 276 years, depicted as one of the greatest eras in human history. （明朝统治中国276年，被人们描绘成人类历史上最伟大的时代之一。）Lanterns became popular in many places in the Tang Dynasty, symbolizing a happy life and prosperous business. （唐朝时期，灯笼在很多地方流行起来，它象征着生活美满、生意兴隆。）
独立主格结构
当非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，保留其逻辑主语，构成独立主格，可表时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
构成：名词/代词 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语
Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner. （冬天来了，春天就不远了。）The test finished, we’ll have our winter holiday. （考试结束后，我们将放寒假。）She walked into the room, her face pale. （她走进房间，脸色苍白。）The meeting over, everyone went back to their offices. （会议结束了，每个人都回到了自己的办公室。）Gun in hand, the hunter walked into the forest. （枪在手，猎人走进了森林。）The dancing party cancelled, Dayan went home disappointedly. （舞会被取消，大雁失望地回家了。）
3. 无动词的处理
汉译英时若句中没有动词，需加 be 动词构成谓语，be 动词一般不体现具体意思。
Tiechui is at home! （铁锤在家呢！）My mother is very young. （我的妈妈很年轻。）Happiness is like a flower. （幸福像花儿一样。）
二、主语
1. 主语的成分
主语可由代词、名词（短语）、非谓语动词（短语）、从句（引导词+句子）充当。形容词、动词原形、简单句（主语+谓语）不能直接作主语。
She is a teacher. （她是一位老师。）Her job is to teach English. （她的工作是教英语。）Helping you learn English well is her task. （帮你们学好英语是她的工作。）That she will quit her job as an English teacher has upset every one of us. （她要辞去英语老师的工作使我们每个人都很伤心。）
练习：
- 错：
Optimistic and diligent are his characteristics. - 正：
Optimism and diligence are his characteristics. 或Being optimistic and diligent is his characteristic. （乐观和勤奋是他的特点。） - 错：
Love beautiful is the nature of girls. - 正：
Loving beauty is the nature of girls. （爱美是女生的天性。） - 错：
Science fiction story always fascinate me. - 正：
Science fiction stories always fascinate me. （科幻故事总能使我着迷。） - 错：
My mother is a very weak but kind person is obvious. - 正：
That my mother is a very weak but kind person is obvious. （我的母亲是个很懦弱但是善良的人是显而易见的。）
2. 无主语的解决方案
英语句子必须有主语。无主语句可用以下四种方法处理：
（1）it 作主语（天气、时间等）
It is hot outside. （外面很热。）It keeps raining. （雨一直在下。）
（2）There be 句型（表示“有”）
There is a flower on her head. （她的头上有朵花。）There are lots of people having affection for me. （有很多人喜欢我。）
（3）被动语态
It must be pointed out that persistence is essential to success. （必须指出坚持是成功的必备因素。）Measures should be taken by the government to control environmental pollution. （政府应该采取措施去治理环境污染。）
（4）加人称代词（最后选择）
As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. （留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。）
三、宾语
宾语的成分与主语相同：代词、名词（短语）、非谓语动词（短语）、从句。介词短语不能直接作宾语。
The students admire her. （学生们钦佩她。）Dayan receives a letter of thanks. （大雁收到一封感谢信。）Tiechui enjoys browsing TikTok. （铁锤喜欢浏览抖音。）We should believe that our destiny is in our own hands. （我们应该相信，我们的命运掌握在自己手中。）
练习：
- 错：
I like in Chongqing. - 正：
I like Chongqing. 或I like being in Chongqing. （我喜欢在重庆。） - 错：
My son is only 3 years old, but he already knows kind and grateful. - 正：
My son is only 3 years old, but he already knows kindness and gratitude. （我的儿子才3岁，但是他已经懂得了善良和感恩。） - 错：
I am wondering can dinosaur come back to life. - 正：
I am wondering whether dinosaurs can come back to life. （我在思考恐龙还可能复活吗。）
四、表语
表语成分：代词、名词（短语）、非谓语动词（短语）、形容词（短语）、介词短语、从句。
It’s me. （是我。）That remains a puzzle to me. （那对我来说还是个谜。）My job is to teach English. （我的工作是教英语。）Dayan keeps silent. （大雁保持沉默。）The sun is up. （太阳升起来了。）Tiechui is not at home. （铁锤不在家。）This is what Tiechui’s mother said. （铁锤的母亲是这么说的。）
练习：
She looks negative. （她看起来很消极。）I like sleeping and eating, but my dream is to become a successful man. （我喜欢睡觉和吃，但是我的梦想是成为一个成功的人。）My argument is that hard work is essential to success. （我的观点是努力是成功的必备因素。）
第四节 动词的分类、时态和语态
一、动词的分类
1. 实义动词
分为及物动词（直接加宾语）和不及物动词（加介词后再加宾语）。
2. 连系动词
六类系动词：
- 表状态 be
- 感官类 look, sound, taste, smell, feel（后面只能加形容词）
- 变化类 grow, fall, turn, get, become
- 保持类 stand, keep, stay, remain
- 表象类 seem, appear
- 结果类 prove）
3. 情态动词
情态动词表明说话人态度，不能单独作谓语，后接动词原形。
推测用法（可能性从大到小）：must > can > could > may > might
情态动词 + have done 表示对过去的推测：
- must have done 一定做过
- needn’t have done 本没必要做但做了
- could have done 本能够做但没做
- should have done 本应该做但没做
He must be ill. He looks so pale. （他肯定是病了。）Tiechui must have gone to bed very late last night, because his eyes are red. （铁锤昨晚肯定熬夜了。）You needn’t have shown your love in this way. （你本没必要这样表白。）I could have become an excellent poet. （我本能够成为一位优秀的诗人。）He should have married a graceful lady. （他本应该和一位优雅的女士结婚。）
4. 助动词
be, do, have, will/would 帮助构成否定、疑问、时态、语态、倒装等。
Do be careful when crossing the streets. （过马路时一定要小心。）Only when he returned did we find out the truth. （当他回来的时候，我们才查明了真相。）
二、动词的时态
| 时态 | 一般 | 完成 | 进行 | 完成进行 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | do/does | have/has done | am/is/are doing | have/has been doing |
| 过去 | did | had done | was/were doing | had been doing |
| 将来 | will do | will have done | will be doing | will have been doing |
| 过去将来 | would do | would have done | would be doing | would have been doing |
重点时态用法及标志词
- 一般现在时：习惯、事实、状态。often, usually, always, every day 等。
Dayan always helps others. （大雁总是帮助别人。） - 一般过去时：过去动作或状态。yesterday, last…, …ago 等。
I bought a CD yesterday. （我昨天买了一张CD。） - 一般将来时：将来动作或状态。tomorrow, next…, in the future 等。
I will fly to Beijing next Sunday. （我下周日要乘飞机去北京。） - 现在进行时：正在进行的动作，或表将来。now, at present 等。
Tiechui is listening to the music now. （铁锤现在正在听音乐。） - 现在完成时：到现在已完成或持续到现在的动作。already, yet, since, for 等。
I have already finished my homework. （我已经完成我的作业了。）Great changes have taken place in this country in the last ten years. （过去十年这个国家发生了巨大变化。）
易混时态区分
- 一般过去时仅陈述过去，与现在无关；现在完成时强调对现在的影响或持续。
I read this book. （我看过这本书。） vsI have read this book. （我已经看完这本书了。）Dayan has gone to America. （去了未归） vsI have been to Hongkong before. （去过已归）
三、动词的语态
被动语态：be + 过去分词，主语为动作承受者时使用。时态变化体现在 be 动词上。
This speech was delivered by Dayan. （这是大雁发表的演讲。）John was elected as monitor of our class. （约翰被选为班长。）Two books can be borrowed at a time. （一次可以借两本书。）Our parents should be taken good care of. （父母应该被好好照顾。）
无被动的情况
系动词、have/own/possess（拥有）、take place/happen/occur/break out（发生、爆发）、不及物动词、宾语为不定式或动名词、相互代词、反身代词、处所宾语等一般不用被动。
The milk smells sour. （这牛奶闻起来酸了。）The war broke out in 1937. （战争于1937年爆发。）
汉译英时常将无主语句或主动句译为被动；英译汉时常将被动译为主动。
Some new buildings will be built next year. （明年将建一些新建筑。）Home education is deemed to be more important than school education in children’s growth. （人们认为家庭教育比学校教育更重要。）
第五节 简单句的考点分析
一、写作
写对是最高标准，不会的长难句可用准确的简单句代替，不会的单词可换简单同义表达。
-
原需定语从句：
The boy who is sitting in front of me looks pretty reliable. 可改写为简单句：
A boy is sitting in front of me. He looks pretty reliable. -
描述图画可用简单句：
In the cartoon, an exhausted man is saying “I feel tired and I don’t want to climb.”
二、长难句分析
分析步骤：找谓语动词，主句谓语前无引导词，从句谓语前有引导词；非谓语形式不能单独作谓语。
-
Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 谓语：are closing in on 和 may report（并列）；working 为非谓语
-
Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task. 主句谓语：is；that、which 引导从句谓语
-
If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 主句谓语：will be；If 从句谓语 look
课后点兵
汉译英
It is not so cold in the northeast of China now. （中国的东北地区现在没有那么冷了。）I feel rather upset these days. （这几天我心里很难受。）He must be her brother. （他一定是她的哥哥。）There are many people taking the postgraduate entrance examination every year. （每年有很多人参加研究生考试。）The lights are usually turned off at 10 p.m. （通常晚上10点关灯。）The disabled should be taken care of by the society. （残疾人应该受到社会的照顾。）Once stared at by others, he doesn’t know what to say. （一旦被别人盯着，他就不知道说什么好了。）Being meaningful is to live well. Living well is to do meaningful things. （有意义就是好好活，好好活就是做有意义的事情。）Last night when I got home, my parents were cooking dinner. （我昨晚到家时，我的父母正在做饭。）By the end of last year, my younger brother had finished reading 5 books. （到去年年底，我弟弟已经读完了5本书。）Kids in the city can hardly see bright stars at night, which suggests that pollution has influenced our life a lot. （城里的孩子很难在夜晚看到明亮的星星了，这个事实表明污染已经严重影响到我们的生活。）Outrage will make people foolish. It is quite obvious. （生气使人变得愚蠢，这个道理是显而易见的。）