第二章 “难点稍露尖尖角”——并列句#

1. 常见的并列连词#

2. 表示逻辑关系的其他词（副词和介词短语）#

平行关系：equally, similarly, likewise, simultaneously, at the same time, in the meanwhile, in the same way 等。

递进关系：then, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, subsequently, in addition 等。

转折关系：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, contrarily, unfortunately, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand 等。

选择关系：alternatively 等。

因果关系：

• 因为：because of, be responsible for, due to, owing to, thanks to 等。
• 所以：thus, hence, consequently, therefore, as a result, as a consequence 等。

总结关系：on the whole, all in all, overall, in conclusion/summary/general, generally(speaking), as a whole, mainly, substantially, to sum up, to conclude, in short/brief, in a word 等。

引出新对象：

• 关于：about = concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for/to 等。
• 就··· 而论,在···方面：in terms of, in respect of 等。

3. 连词与逻辑关系词的区别#

并列连词连接句子时，逗号可加可不加；副词或介词短语不能连接两个句子，其前须用句号，或在其前加 and。

• He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 或 He failed many times but he didn’t despair. （他失败了很多次，但他没有绝望。）
• He failed many times. However, he didn’t despair. （他失败了很多次。然而，他没有绝望。）

翻译练习

• There were no trails in the sky, but the birds had flown away. 或 There were no trails in the sky. However, the birds had flown away. （天空没有痕迹，但是鸟儿已经飞过。）
• Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement, yet these excellent ones accomplish themselves by solitude. （平庸的人用热闹填补空虚，优秀的人则以独处成就自己。）
• Romain Rolland once said, “You learn by doing wrong so you should do something wrong in life.” （罗曼·罗兰曾经说过：“做错事才能长见识，所以人生应当做错一些事情。”）
• People are all struggling in the hardships of life. Some rise from the ashes, while others fall to pieces. （人们都在人生的苦难中挣扎。有些浴火重生，有些却粉身碎骨。）

理解技巧：在写作中用逻辑关系词替换并列连词，文章更具连贯性和逻辑性，这是阅卷评分的重要标准。

一、写作#

英语是形合语言，逻辑关系词如同路标，使文章连贯，体现结构性美。

《天净沙·秋思》译文对比

• 逐字堆砌版（不合英语表达习惯）：Withered vines, an old tree, a crow at dusk…
• 添加逻辑关系词版：There, in the distance, are withered vines, around an old tree, and a crow is sitting on it at dusk. Not far from it, near a cottage, there exists a small bridge with running water under it. Besides, a lean horse is walking on an ancient path in the west wind…

写作实例

• 并列连词 not only…but also…：Learning English not only allows us to learn more about foreign cultures, but also helps us communicate smoothly with foreigners. （学习英语不但能让我们更多地了解外国文化，还能帮助我们和外国人顺畅地交流。）
• 逻辑关系词 However：The woman he loved has already been married. However, he still silently misses this love. （他爱的人早已经结婚了，他却依然默默地怀念着这份爱情。）
• 逻辑关系词 Consequently：The development of a large number of mobile apps makes it possible for people to read novels and other forms of literary works on their mobile phones. Consequently, the sales of paper books have been affected. （大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。）

二、长难句分析#

分析步骤：找并列连词 → 确定并列分句 → 单独分析每个分句 → 注意省略现象。

一、汉译英#

1. She not only speaks English fluently but also speaks French very well. （她不但英语讲得流利，而且法语说得也很好。）
2. The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport. （旅行社将为你安排旅行，或者你也可以自己安排交通工具。）
3. You can talk about Chinese culture in the program and besides, you might talk about your feeling in China. （你可以在节目中介绍中国的文化，此外也可以说一下你在中国的感受。）
4. As a result of this tradition, a great number of young people continued to live with their parents after marriage. By contrast, today, the tradition is changing. （由于这个传统，许多年轻人婚后继续与父母同住。今天，这个传统正在改变。）
5. The development of a large number of mobile apps makes it possible for people to read novels and other forms of literary works on their mobile phones. Consequently, the sales of paper books have been affected. （大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。）
6. This new trend has led to over-reliance on mobile phones when people socialize and at the same time, some young people have become so addicted that they have neglected the face-to-face communication with their families and friends. （这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机。并且一些年轻人已经十分上瘾，以至于忽视了与家人和朋友的面对面交流。）
7. People can shop more efficiently online and therefore don’t need to go out shopping to find what they want. （人们可以更高效地在网上购物，因此无需出去逛街来寻找他们想要的东西。）
8. These funds are also used to purchase music and painting facilities. As a consequence, nowadays the children in rural and mountain areas can have music and painting classes just like children in coastal cities. （这些资金还被用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。）
9. Chinese families attach great importance to their children’s education. As a result, many parents argue that they should work hard to make sure that their kids get a better education. （中国家庭十分重视孩子的教育。许多父母认为他们应该努力工作，以确保孩子受到良好的教育。）
10. I have decided to quit because the job is not only poorly paid but also fails to make me have more friends. （我决定辞职是因为这份工作不但薪水低，而且也让我交不到太多朋友。）

二、英译汉（真题长难句分析）#

1. Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.

   • 结构：后两个 with 短语前省略 to view others
   • 译文：心理健康让我们在别人陷入麻烦之时，同情他人；在别人痛苦之时，善待他人；无论他们是谁，都能给予无条件的爱。

2. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.

   • 结构：and 连接两个主谓宾分句
   • 译文：我们有一种根深蒂固的自我感觉良好的需求，而且我们会本能地运用许多美化自我的策略达成此目的。

3. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

   • 结构：or 后省略 refers，补全为 or refers to the research technique…
   • 译文：方法论指的是一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

4. Questions seem mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequences in the future.

   • 结构：not…but… 连接两个并列定语
   • 译文：通过支持某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研，看来通常能有效地解决问题。

5. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma.

   • 结构：and 连接并列句
   • 译文：这些区域确实改善了空气质量，而且科学表明，空气质量改善意味着切实的健康收益——心脏病、中风及早产的风险降低，癌症、痴呆及哮喘也减少了。

6. Facebook promised the European Commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.

   • 结构：but 连接并列句
   • 译文：脸书当时向欧盟委员会承诺，不会把电话号码与脸书身份信息相关联，但协议刚一获准通过，它就背弃了这一承诺。

7. The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries.

   • 结构：but 连接并列句
   • 译文：“人机对抗”这一概念至少可以追溯到工业革命时期，但在经济衰退期及复苏乏力期，人们对这一现象的感受往往最为强烈。

8. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, and cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

   • 结构：多处省略主谓，补全为 death is pressing/inevitable/optional；后句省略 can be
   • 译文：据说，在英国，死亡是迫在眉睫的；在加拿大，死亡是不可避免的；在加利福尼亚州，死亡是可以选择的。这种说法并不奇怪。在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎延长了一倍。髋骨坏了可以更换，临床忧郁症可以得到控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。

9. The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey, even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

   • 结构：Yet 表转折，连接两个句子
   • 译文：研究人员的观点源于对社会影响的一项简单观察：除了少数名人，比如奥普拉·温弗瑞，即使是人群中最有影响力的人也不会与那么多人互动。然而，正是这些并非名人的有影响力的人通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事，推动了社会流行潮。

10. King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.

    • 结构：But 连接转折句，stand down 前省略 to
    • 译文：西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾坚持认为“国王不会退位，他们会在睡梦中死去”。但令人尴尬的丑闻和在最近的欧洲选举中共和党左翼的受欢迎迫使他自食其言并下台。