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6.英语的特殊结构
第六章 唱着歌儿去考研——英语的特殊结构
第一节 强调句型
一、强调句型的构成公式
强调句型：It is/was… that/who…。that 可指人或物，who 只指人。不能强调谓语。时态只有 is 或 was。
- 原句：I met my former lover in the street last night.
- 强调主语：
It was I that met my former lover in the street last night. （昨晚就是我在街上遇到了我的旧情人。） - 强调时间：
It was last night that I met my former lover in the street. （就是昨晚我在街上遇到了我的旧情人。）
强调句型与主语从句的区分方法
去掉 It is/was… that/who…，句子成分完整即为强调句，残缺即为主语从句。
- 主语从句：
It is obvious that you should make friends with those who can make you optimistic. （显而易见，你应该和那些能让你乐观的人交朋友。）去掉框架后不完整 - 强调句型：
It is undoubtedly that reading books can broaden the horizons of readers. （毫无疑问，读书可以拓宽读者的视野。）去掉框架后完整 - 强调句型：
It was Dayan that helped me when I was in trouble. （当我遇到困难的时候，是大雁帮助了我。）
二、强调句型的考点分析
1. 写作
强调句型是写作高分句型，基础薄弱者强调主语即可，即主语前加 It is/was，后加 that。
It was when I reread these world-famous masterpieces recently that I began to appreciate their beauty. （直到最近我重读这些世界名著时，我才开始欣赏它们的美。）It was human activities that caused global warming. （正是人类活动导致了全球变暖。）It was the Silk Road that promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. （正是丝绸之路促进了东西方的经济和文化交流。）It was in the Ming Dynasty that the fleet led by Zheng He made seven large-scale exploratory voyages to the Indian Ocean. （正是在明代，由郑和率领的船队到印度洋进行了七次大规模探险航行。）
2. 长难句分析
翻译时去掉 It is/was 与 that/who，还原句子后再译。
But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions—that will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. （但是，正是新的卫星频道的到来——部分资金源于广告收入，部分源于用户的订购费——从长远来看，将会带来最大的变化。）Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. （可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布，才使得人类对于治理江河、使其听从我们调遣的想法如此痴迷。）It was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. （直到19世纪，报纸才继小册子和书籍之后，与期刊一起成为电子时代到来前主要的媒体。）But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. （但这种区分忽略了一点：正是对数据的处理和整合赋予了这些数据价值，而仅仅拥有这些数据并不能做到这一点。）
第二节 虚拟语气
一、什么是虚拟语气
表示与事实相反、虚假、难以实现的情况，或表示主观愿望、建议、强烈情感时用虚拟语气。
二、虚拟语气的一般用法
| 虚拟时间 | 从句谓语形式 | 主句谓语形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 对现在虚拟 | 一般过去时（be 用 were） | would/should/might/could + do |
| 对过去虚拟 | 过去完成时（had done） | would/could/should/might + have done |
| 对将来虚拟 | 一般过去时/were to do/should do | would/could/might/should + do |
- 对现在虚拟：
If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it. （如果你是我眼中的一滴泪，我就永远不会哭泣。） - 对现在虚拟：
If every undergraduate were indulged in short videos, he would achieve nothing until the end of his life. （如果每一个大学生都沉溺于短视频，他到死也会一事无成。） - 对过去虚拟：
If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept in bed with you. （如果昨天晚上我是一条狗，就能够和你睡在床上了。） - 对过去虚拟：
If I had worked hard before, I would have surely succeeded. （如果我之前努力学习，我肯定会成功的。） - 对将来虚拟：
If he should go to Peking University, he would be sure to let the world know about it. （如果他能上北京大学的话，他一定会让全世界知道这件事情。）
三、虚拟语气的特殊用法
1. 从句用“should+动词原形”（should 可省略）
理解技巧：“以防命贱，要求用虚拟是必要/紧急的”。
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以防：in case that, for fear that, lest
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命（命令）：order, direct, command
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贱（建议）：suggest, advise, propose
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要求：ask, request, demand, require
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必要/重要/紧急：It is necessary/important/urgent that…
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The doctor suggested that I should eat more vegetables. （医生建议我多吃蔬菜。） -
It is necessary that a college student should master a foreign language. （大学生掌握一门外语很有必要。） -
My proposal is that students should review and summarize by themselves instead of just listening to the lecture. （我的建议是学生要自己复习总结，而不只是听课。）
2. 时态前推原则
常见词：wish（希望）, if only（如果…该多好）, but for（要不是）, or/otherwise（否则）, as if/as though（好像） 等。把本来该用的时态变成相应的过去时。
- 对将来：
I wish I would be your angel and protect you in the future. （我希望以后能做你的天使保护你。） - 对现在：
I wish there were fewer bad guys in the world. （我希望这个世界上没那么多坏人。） - 对过去：
I wish their son had not been there when they quarreled in the street yesterday. （昨天他们在街上吵架的时候，我真希望他们的儿子没有在那里。） - 对过去：
When I was young, he treated me as if I had been his own son. （当我还是一个小孩子的时候，他待我像亲生儿子一样。）
3. would rather 的用法
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would rather do sth.：宁愿做某事（非虚拟）
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would rather sb. did sth.：宁愿别人做某事（对现在虚拟）
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would rather sb. had done sth.：宁愿别人过去做过某事（对过去虚拟）
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I would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. （我今晚宁愿待在家里读点书。） -
I would rather you told me the truth. （我宁愿你把真相告诉我。） -
I would rather I had never known such a terrible man. （我宁愿从来没有认识过这样一个糟糕的人。）
4. It is (high) time (that) 的虚拟用法
从句用一般过去时或 should + 动词原形（should 不可省略）。
It is high time that we took some measures to solve this problem. （我们是时候采取一些措施来解决这个问题了。）It is high time that we should put an end to this lecture. （我们是时候结束这场讲座了。）
四、虚拟语气的考点分析
1. 写作
If a person had no interest in his life, he would often feel bored. （如果一个人生活中没有兴趣，他经常会觉得无聊。）It is quite necessary that universities should pay close attention to the mental health of university students. （大学密切关注大学生心理健康问题是非常必要的。）My suggestion is that kids should be encouraged to take part in more activities to develop a sense of cooperation. （我的建议是应该鼓励孩子多参加一些活动去培养合作意识。）
2. 长难句分析
But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. （但如果安特吉公司能信守承诺，这种争论就无关紧要了。）— 省略 if 的倒装虚拟条件句In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to the Vermont legislature’s approval. （2006年，佛蒙特州更进一步，要求该核电站执照的任何延期都必须经过佛蒙特州立法机构的批准。）— require 后用虚拟If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. （如果它能注意这个问题，它就会进一步开放其多样化项目，进一步去寻找那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面大不相同的记者。）
第三节 倒装句
一、什么是倒装句
谓语提到主语前面即为倒装。全部倒装：整个谓语提前；部分倒装：部分谓语提前。考研主要考查部分倒装。
二、倒装句的具体用法
1. 否定词放在句首时用部分倒装
Never have I seen such a moving film before. （我以前从未看过这么感人的电影。）Hardly have I read a single book this week. （这周我几乎没读过一本书。）By no means will this solution satisfy everyone. （这个解决方案肯定不能让所有人都满意。）Not only does he speak English fluently but also speaks it correctly. （他不仅英语说得很流利，而且说得也很准确。）
2. so(such)…that… 结构中，so(such) 部分置于句首时用部分倒装
Such an interesting book does he have that we all want to read it. （他有一本非常有趣的书，我们都想读。）So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. （天气很冷，我们不得不待在家里。）So difficult did I find it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Dayan for advice. （我发现很难解决这个问题，于是我决定向大雁征求建议。）
3. so（肯定）/ nor/neither（否定）位于句首，承前句的肯定或否定时用倒装
My son likes eating vegetables, and so do I. （我儿子喜欢吃蔬菜，我也喜欢。）I don’t have classes on Sundays, and neither does Tiechui. （我周日没课，铁锤周日也没有课。）
4. “only+状语” 位于句首时用部分倒装
Only by working hard can you succeed. （你只有努力才能成功。）Only when one loses freedom does he know its value. （只有一个人失去自由时，才知道它的价值。）Only in this way can we solve the problem on time. （我们只有用这种方法才能按时解决这个问题。）
5. as 引导让步状语从句时的部分倒装
结构：形容词/副词/分词/名词（无冠词）+ as + 状语从句
- 形容词：
Ugly as I look, I am tender. （虽然我很丑，但是我很温柔。） - 形容词：
Simple as the drawing seems, its implications are profound. （虽然图片看起来简单，但是其背后的含义很深刻。） - 副词：
Much as I love my mother, I cannot agree with her sometimes. （虽然我很爱妈妈，但是我有时也不同意她的观点。） - 名词：
Child as he is, he knows many social skills. （他虽然是个孩子，但很懂人情世故。）
6. 省略 if 的虚拟条件句用部分倒装
从句中有 had done, were, should 时可省略 if，将 had/were/should 提至主语前。
Were I you, I would never give her up. （如果我是你，我绝对不会放弃她。）Had we found her earlier, we could have saved her life. （我们要是早点找到她，就能救她的命了。）
三、倒装句的考点分析
1. 写作
So kind is my mother that she is respected by men and women, old and young in our village. （我妈妈如此善良，以至于她受到了我们村男女老少的尊重。）Only by doing a part-time job can I exercise my practical ability better. （只有通过做兼职工作，我才能更好地锻炼自己的实践能力。）Under no circumstances should parents neglect the importance of building children’s confidence. （在任何情况下，父母都不应忽略培养孩子自信的重要性。）Not only can keeping pets reduce the loneliness of the elderly but also cultivate the patience of children. （养宠物不但可以减少老人的孤单而且还可以培养孩子的耐心。）
2. 长难句分析
识别后还原成自然语序再翻译。
So have science and general business reporters. → 还原为 Science and general business reporters have gone so. （科学和普通商业类记者也未能留下。）Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit… → 还原为 they will be eligible for benefit only if… （失业者只有带着简历来到就业中心，进行在线求职注册，并开始寻找工作，才有资格领取补助金。）Never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. → 还原为 it has never served so much before… （它把不同的民族和国家联系在一起，其作用之大，前所未有。）
第四节 插入语
一、什么是插入语
插在句子中的单词、短语或句子，通常被双逗号或双破折号隔开，删掉后句子成分完整。起解释说明、表示态度、强调、承上启下等作用。
二、什么可以作插入语
1. 单词作插入语（常见副词）
2. 短语作插入语
- 介词短语：in my opinion, on the contrary, in other words, in short, in fact, of course 等。
My answer is, of course, yes! （我的回答当然是愿意啦！）I have to admit that I am, as a matter of fact, in difficulties. （我不得不承认，事实上我是陷入了困境。） - 分词短语：generally speaking, judging from, honestly speaking 等。
I am, generally speaking, very satisfied with my job. （总体上说，我对我的工作很满意。） - 不定式短语：to be frank, to tell you the truth, to be honest 等。
Those actors, to be frank, are charming when they perform on the stage. （说实话，那些演员在舞台上表演的时候很迷人。） - 形容词短语：sure enough, worse still, needless to say 等。
Dayan, sure enough, came out with all the news we wanted. （果然，大雁把我们想要的消息都讲出来了。）
3. 分句作插入语
It began to rain suddenly. We, what was worse, didn’t take any umbrella. （突然下起雨来了。更糟的是，我们没有带伞。）Self-discipline, as far as I am concerned, enables teenagers and youngsters to achieve greater success. （我认为，自律能使年轻人取得更大的成功。）
三、插入语的考点分析
1. 写作
Air pollution, to be honest, has become a widespread problem around the world. （说句实在的，空气污染已成为全世界普遍存在的一个问题。）Environment, in fact, has a far-reaching impact on a person’s character. （其实，环境对一个人的性格有着深远的影响。）Tourism, indeed, can promote the mutual understanding among nations. （确实，旅游业可以促进国家间的相互了解。）Working out, from my perspective, can really reduce mental stress. （就我而言，锻炼真的可以减少精神上的压力。）
2. 长难句分析
阅读时可跳过插入语；翻译时：表示观点或逻辑关系的提到句首，修饰名词的按定语处理，其余可直译并加括号。
This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. （这就是为什么研究人员通常认为所谓的道德内疚感，如若适量，是一件好事情。）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration. （但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始。）Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. （因此，人类学上“文化”的概念类似数学上“集合”的概念，是一个抽象的概念，它使很多具体的研究和理解成为可能。）
课后点兵
一、汉译英
Not only does blindly chasing stars affect teenagers’ physical and mental health but also wastes a lot of their time. （盲目追星不但影响了青少年的身心健康而且还浪费了他们很多时间。）Under no circumstances should we ignore the importance of faith. （任何情况下，我们都不能忽略信念的重要性。）Only by eating less and exercising more could one really lose weight. （只有通过节食和运动才能真正减肥。）It was only after I married my boyfriend that I realized that marriage was based on mutual trust. （就是在我和男朋友结婚后，我才意识到婚姻的基础是相互信任。）It is The Shawshank Redemption that has accompanied lots of people through the worst days of their lives. （正是《肖申克的救赎》陪着很多人度过了生命中最难熬的日子。）If I were you, I would plant some trees round the house. （如果我是你，我会在房子周围种一些树。）Only in Wencheng can I feel safe and relaxed. （只有在文城，我才感到安全和放松。）It is necessary that college students should take regular exercise and read widely. （对于大学生来说，经常锻炼身体和广泛阅读是非常必要的。）This courageous attitude, in fact, becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. （事实上，这种勇敢的态度是贝多芬音乐演奏者的必备条件。）I wish I had listened to your advice or I would not have made so many mistakes. （我希望我之前听了你的建议。要是听了，我也不会犯这么多错。）
二、英译汉
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk. （假如你查一下参加2006年世界杯锦标赛的每位足球运动员的出生证明，就极有可能发现一个值得注意的奇事。）Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. （对商业方法专利申请的限制将会是一次戏剧性的大转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己在1998年被称为“道富银行案”的裁决中引入了此类专利，批准了一项共同基金资产筹集方法的专利。）Taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. （例如，带着我们自己的购物袋去杂货店或放弃使用塑料吸管，这些做法本身收效甚微，对我们的要求也很低。）Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. （此外，最高的CEO薪酬是支付给外部候选人的，而不是付给那些安逸的内部人选，这也是一种迹象，表明CEO的高薪酬并不是以牺牲公司其他人的薪酬为代价的某种掠夺。）The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. （如果没有对这种“特别制度”的保护条款，其中包括一项出于国会代表权的目的而将一名奴隶视为五分之三个人的条款，南方各州当时便不会签署宪法。）“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. （弗吉尼亚大学的一位心理学研究员阿姆里沙·瓦伊什说：“现在已再度兴起，或者说人们已经开始重新思考内疚的定义和作用。”该研究员还补充说，这种复兴属于更宏观认识的一部分，即，情绪不是二元化的——在某种环境下有利的情绪可能在另一种环境下是有害的。）