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5.状语和状语从句
第一节 状语概述
一、形容词（短语）和副词（短语）在句子中的成分
1. 形容词（短语）
形容词（短语）无论作表语、补语还是定语，本质上都是修饰、说明或描述名词（短语）/代词。
- 作表语：
She has become beautiful recently. （最近她变漂亮了。） - 作补语：
The cute dog has made her happy recently. （最近这只可爱的狗使她开心了。） - 作定语：
She has become a beautiful woman recently. （最近她变成了一个漂亮的女人。） Dayan is honest. （大雁很诚实。honest 描述名词 Dayan）Dayan makes herself more beautiful. （大雁使自己更漂亮。more beautiful 补充说明代词 herself）Dayan is an honest woman. （大雁是一个诚实的女人。honest 修饰名词 woman）
2. 副词（短语）
副词（短语）可修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，在句中主要作状语。
- 修饰动词：
She smiles sweetly. （她笑得甜美。） - 修饰形容词：
Her smile is pretty sweet. （她的笑容相当甜美。） - 修饰副词：
She smiles especially sweetly. （她笑得特别甜美。） - 修饰句子：
Actually, she smiles sweetly. （实际上，她笑得甜美。）
二、什么是状语
1. 状语的含义
状语修饰实义动词（短语）、形容词（短语）、副词或整个句子。定语修饰名词（短语）和代词；状语修饰除名词（短语）和代词以外的所有成分。
| 修饰成分 | 修饰对象 |
|---|---|
| 定语 | 名词（短语）和代词 |
| 状语 | 除名词（短语）和代词以外的所有成分 |
理解技巧：状语是“化妆版”，为形容词、动词或整个句子添加程度或状态；而定语是名词的“化妆师”。
- 素颜版：大雁是个女人。 状语化妆版：毫无疑问，大雁是个女人。（副词修饰句子）
- 素颜版：铁锤在工作。 状语化妆版：铁锤在非常专注地工作。（副词修饰动词）
- 素颜版：铁锤向大雁表白了。 状语化妆版：在一个月黑风高的夜晚，铁锤向大雁表白了。（介词短语修饰句子）
2. 状语的位置
状语位置灵活，可置于句首、句中、句末。句首时常用逗号隔开。
In Harbin, I came across a boy who looked vigorous and attractive. （在哈尔滨，我偶遇了一个男孩，他看起来朝气蓬勃、魅力四射。）I came across a boy who looked vigorous and attractive in Harbin. I, in Harbin, came across a boy who looked vigorous and attractive.
第二节 状语的成分
一、副词作状语
副词可修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子。
- 修饰动词：
Tiechui works hard. （铁锤工作很努力。） - 修饰形容词：
Tiechui’s painting is really awesome. （铁锤的画真的很棒。） - 修饰副词：
Tiechui did this job very well. （铁锤把这份工作做得很好。） - 修饰句子：
Unfortunately, Tiechui failed the English exam. （不幸的是，铁锤没有通过这次英语考试。）
二、介词短语作状语
介词短语表示时间、地点、原因、方式、让步、伴随六种类型时，优先视为状语。
(1) 表示时间
My daughter is eager to get her lucky money on New Year’s Eve. （除夕夜我的女儿迫切希望拿到红包。）We often have breakfast at 7:00 am. （我们经常早晨七点吃早饭。）
(2) 表示地点
Students all sit in the middle of the classroom. （学生们都坐在教室中央。）My son and I live in Chongqing. （我和我儿子住在重庆。）
(3) 表示原因
常见短语介词：because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to, as a result of 等。
due to 通常放句末；owing to 通常放句首。
The sports meet was cancelled because of the heavy rain. （运动会因为下大雨被取消了。）He had a bad accident due to his careless driving. （他发生严重的车祸是由于驾驶疏忽。）Owing to his careless driving, he had a bad accident. （由于他驾驶疏忽，他发生了严重的车祸。）Thanks to the development of science and technology, our life has become more convenient. （由于科技发展，我们的生活变得更便利了。）
(4) 表示方式
常见介词（短语）：
- 通过：through, via, by；
- 以…方式：in…manner, in…way, in…method, in…fashion。
例如:
It’s more economical to go to Beijing by train. （去北京坐火车更便宜。）Babies communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. （婴儿们通过面部表情和发出噪声进行交流。）You can solve the problem in this way. （你可以用这种方法解决这个问题。）
(5) 表示让步
常见介词（短语）：in spite of, despite, for all；regardless of 等。
They came to school despite the heavy rain. （尽管雨很大，他们还是来上学了。）Everyone has equal rights regardless of age or sex. （无论年龄还是性别，每个人都享有平等的权利。）We must stick to our dreams in spite of all the difficulties. （尽管困难重重，我们必须坚持梦想。）
(6) 表示伴随
常考介词：with。
With the development of Chinese economy, more and more citizens own their private cars. （随着中国经济的发展，越来越多的市民拥有私家车。）He lay on his bed with the sunlight falling on his face. （他躺在床上，阳光洒在他脸上。）
三、非谓语动词短语作状语
(1) 分词短语作状语
公式一：分词短语 + 主句。句首分词短语一般表示原因。
Having been a teacher for many years, I know my students well. （由于担任老师多年，我很了解我的学生。）Not knowing what to do, the girl cried in the street. （由于不知道怎么办，这个女孩在街上哭了起来。）
公式二：主句 + 分词短语。句末分词短语一般表示结果。
My little sister studied hard, getting high marks in the exams. （我妹妹学习刻苦，所以考试中得分很高。）I got up late this morning, causing the delay. （今天早上我起晚了，所以耽误了。）
(2) 不定式短语作状语
不定式短语一般作目的状语。
I stopped to drink some water. （我停下来喝点水。）I run on the road every day in order to keep fit. （为了保持健康，我每天在路上跑步。）
四、从句作状语
状语从句将在下一节详细讲解。
- 目的：
The teacher raised his voice so that the students in the back could hear more clearly. （老师提高了他的声音以便后面的学生能听得更清楚。） - 条件：
You will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying. （只要你继续努力，你就一定会成功。） - 让步：
The old man insists winter swimming even though it is freezing cold outside. （尽管外面寒冷彻骨，但是这个老人坚持冬泳。） - 比较：
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. （你锻炼得越多，你就会越健康。） - 方式：
We teach our children the way our parents have taught us. （我们用父母教我们的方式教我们的孩子。）
第三节 细说状语从句
一、状语从句的构成
句式1：引导词(连词) + 状语从句 + ”,” + 主句
句式2：主句 + 引导词(连词) + 状语从句
When I was young, I’d listen to the radio. （当我年轻时，常听收音机。）I’d listen to the radio when I was young.
二、状语从句的引导词
根据引导词意思可判断状语从句类型，共九类：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较。
三、状语从句的时态
主将从现：主句谓语为将来时，从句谓语用一般现在时代替将来时。
When love comes, I will hold his hands. （当爱来临的时候，我要牵住他的手。）I will invite you to dinner if I manage to pass the postgraduate entrance examination. （如果我能考研成功，我就请你吃饭。）
主过从过：主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语使用相应的过去时态。
When love came, I failed to hold his hands. （当爱来临的时候，我没有牵到他的手。）When I entered the house, my husband had finished his meal. （我进屋时，我的丈夫已经吃完饭了。）
四、对各类状语从句的具体讲解
1. 时间状语从句
常见引导词：when, as, while, once, as soon as/immediately/directly(一…就…), before, after, since, not…until, until/till
特殊引导词：the moment(一…就), every time, the instant(当…的时候)
副词（短语）：no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when（一……就……）
(2) when, while 和 as 的区别
- when + 延续/瞬间动词：
I was out when you called me. （你给我打电话的时候，我正好在外面。） - while + 延续性动词（常用进行时），也可表对比“然而”：
Please don’t talk so loud while others are working. （他人工作的时候不要大声说话。）Some people believe smoking is harmful to health, while others consider smoking is helpful for reducing working pressure. （有些人认为吸烟有害健康，而另一些人则认为吸烟有助于减轻工作压力。） - as + 延续性动词，“一边……一边……”或“随着”：
He jumps as he walks. （他边走边跳。）As you grow older, you will know better about yourself. （随着年龄的增长，你会越来越了解你自己。）
(3) when 引导时间状语从句的特殊用法
从句与主句主语一致且从句谓语含 be 动词，可省略主语和 be 动词。
When alone, I would often weep. （当我一个人的时候，我经常会哭泣。）
(4) 区分 until 和 not…until
主句谓语是瞬间动词用 not…until；延续性动词用 until。
Not until 位于句首时主句要倒装。
强调结构：It is/was not until + 从句/时间 + that + …
I will not leave until you come. （直到你来，我才会离开。）I will wait here until you come. （我会一直等到你来。）Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking. （直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。）It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking. I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I had my own daughter. （直到我有了自己的女儿，我才意识到母亲的伟大。）
(5) no sooner…than 和 hardly…when
表示“一……就……”，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。可将 no sooner/hardly 提至句首倒装。
Tiechui had no sooner arrived home than he was asked by his boss to start on another journey. （铁锤刚一到家，老板又要他出另一次差。）No sooner had Tiechui arrived home than he was asked by his boss to start on another journey.
2. 地点状语从句
引导词：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
This kind of plant grows well where it is moist. （这种植物在潮湿的地方生长得很好。）Where there’s a will, there’s a way. （有志者事竟成。）
where 引导的地点状语从句与定语从句的区别
where 指代先行词 → 定语从句；where 修饰谓语动词 → 地点状语从句。
- 状语从句：
Keep your phone where you can see it. （把手机放在你看得见的地方。） - 定语从句：
The bookstore where I bought this magazine is not far from here. （我买这本杂志的书店离这里不远。） Everywhere I see rural laborers in the city, I will think of my old father. （每当看到城市里的农民工，我就会想起我的老父亲。）
3. 原因状语从句
引导词：because, since, as, for, in that, considering that, given that, seeing that, now that
短语介词（后跟名词/短语）：because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result of
I can’t get to sleep because it’s noisy outside. （由于外面声音嘈杂，我睡不着。）Since it’s raining outside, we’d better stay at home. （既然外面在下雨，那我们最好待在家里。）In that he is ill, he is unable to do heavy work. （因为有病，他做不了重活儿。）
4. 让步状语从句
引导词：although, though, even if, even though, as, while, no matter…, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Although he has failed again and again, he still holds on to his dream. （他虽然经历了多次失败，但依然坚持梦想。）No matter who you are, you must keep the law. （不管你是谁，你都需要遵纪守法。）Even if I didn’t happen to meet my husband that day, I would still try my best to find him. （即使我那天没有碰巧遇到我丈夫，我也会尽我所能去找到他。）- 写作拓展：
Dayan is a beauty although she has small eyes. （虽然大雁的眼睛很小，但是她是一个美女。）
5. 条件状语从句
引导词：if, unless, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided (that), supposing (that), in case (that), on condition that
I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of a chance. （只要有一丝机会，我就不会放弃。）I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep it secret. （我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保密。）
6. 目的状语从句
引导词：so that, in order that
短语：in order to, so as to（后跟动词原形）
I have made a decision to take the postgraduate entrance examination so that I could have a more brilliant future. （为了能有一个更美好的未来，我决定参加研究生考试。）Parents getting elder gradually always tell a variety of lies in order that their children would not worry about them. （为了不让儿女担心，慢慢老去的父母总对他们说着各种各样的谎话。）
7. 方式状语从句
引导词：as, as if, as though, the way, like
She talks with me as if she were my mother. （她和我说话的样子就像她是我的妈妈一样。）Everything in my childhood appeared in my mind as if they had just happened yesterday. （童年的一幕幕呈现在我的脑海，仿佛昨天刚刚发生。）
8. 结果状语从句
引导词：so…that, such…that, so that, to the degree that, to the extent that
so…that 的用法
- so+形容词/副词+that：
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. （风刮得如此猛烈，以至于我们几乎是寸步难行。） - so+many/much/few/little+名词+that：
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam. （他犯了那么多错，以至于他考试没有通过。） - so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that：
It was so good a movie that I went to see it several times. （这个电影太好看了，我去看了好几次。）
such…that 的用法
- such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that：
Dayan is such a nice teacher that we all respect her. （大雁是位非常好的老师，我们都很尊敬她。） - such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that：
They are such strong athletes that they will win definitely in the competition. （他们是如此强大的运动员，他们肯定会在比赛中获胜。）
so that 的用法
引导目的状语从句（常与情态动词连用）；引导结果状语从句（不与情态动词连用）。
- 目的：
I take exercise every day so that I can lose weight. （我天天锻炼是为了减肥。） - 结果：
It was very cold outside, so that the river froze. （外面很冷，河水都结冰了。）
9. 比较状语从句
引导词：as, than, the+比较级…the+比较级…, more than, not so…as…
常考比较结构
- as…as… 和……一样……：
My mother looks as graceful as a red rose, which can take many people’s breath away. （我的妈妈看起来像一朵红玫瑰一样优雅，让很多人惊叹。） - the+比较级…the+比较级… 越……越……：
The harder one works, the luckier he will become. （一个人越努力就会越幸运。）The more you use your brain, the more active your mind will be. （你用脑越多，思维越活跃。） - more than + 名词（短语）：不仅仅是。
Dayan is more than a teacher; she is a writer, too. （大雁不仅仅是一个老师，她还是一个作家。） - more than + 形容词/副词：非常。
In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. （做科学实验时，你必须非常小心地使用实验器材。） - not so much A as B：与其说 A，不如说 B。
Science moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. （科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。） - more A than B：与其说 B，不如说 A。
He is more clever than funny. （与其说他有趣，还不如说他聪明。） - not so much as = not even：甚至不/没有。
He cannot so much as spell this simple word. （他甚至连这么简单的单词也不会拼。） - A is to B what/as C is to D：A 对于 B 就如同 C 对于 D。
Air is to us what water is to fish. （空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼一样重要。）
五、状语从句和分词作状语的转化
转化三步：1. 去掉引导词；2. 从句谓语变分词形式；3. 主语一致则省略分词主语，不一致则保留（独立主格）。
- 状语从句：
Because I am healthy, I feel delighted. （因为我健康，所以我快乐。） - 分词作状语：
Being healthy, I feel delighted. - 状语从句：
After the job was finished, we went home respectively. （工作结束后，我们都各自回家了。） - 独立主格：
The job finished, we went home respectively.
只要是逗号连接两个句子的情况，都可以把次要的句子变分词作状语。
- 错：
The old lady sits in the corner, her eyes are filled with tears. - 正：
The old lady sitting in the corner, her eyes are filled with tears. （那个老妇人坐在角落里，眼里充满了泪水。） Having been translated into several languages, this book becomes famous all over the world. （这本书被翻译成多种语言，闻名于世。）
六、as 专题
1. as + 名词（短语）
as 是介词，译为“作为”。
As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. （作为这种发展的合理结果，如今出现了主要针对专业读者或业余读者的不同杂志。）
2. 动词（词组）+ 名词（短语）/代词 + as
常见结构：regard…as…, view…as…, define…as…, see…as…, classify…as…, rate…as…, dismiss…as…，译为“把……看作……”。
Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” （泰勒把文化定义成“……一个复杂的整体，它包括人作为社会一员所获得的信念、艺术、道德、法律、风俗和任何其他的能力和习惯”。）Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. （大多数人把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，觉得杯子里总是有半杯水。）Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. （在数百万美国人和其他国家人们看来，G.I.Joe 是一个没有思想的战争玩偶，是美国军事冒险主义的象征，但过去的情况并非那样。）
3. as 引导定语从句
- 限制性（先行词被 such, the same 修饰）：
I have never heard such stories as he told. （我从未听说过他讲的那些故事。） - 非限制性（修饰整句，位置灵活）：
As is shown in the cartoon, even a hen has learned how to promise. （正如漫画所示，即使是母鸡也学会了如何承诺。）As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium. （正如之前所讨论的，直到19世纪，报纸才成为电子时代到来之前的主要媒介。）
4. as 引导状语从句
as 可译为“一边……一边……”“随着”“因为”“尽管”等。
Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. （例如，随着新物质注入非洲和南美洲之间的海底，这两大洲正在彼此分离。）As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants. （尽管个人伤害索赔案一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭开始支持被告一方。）
第四节 状语和状语从句的考点分析
一、状语在写作中的“定妆”作用
理解技巧：每写一句话都可以添加状语成分，使句子变长变丰富。
- 素颜版：
I am reading the book written by Dayan. - 加时间状语：
I am reading the book written by Dayan at the moment. - 加原因状语：
I am reading the book written by Dayan because it is so interesting and attractive. - 加让步状语：
Although I don’t know much about her, I am reading the book written by Dayan. - 加结果状语：
I am reading the book written by Dayan so crazily that I forget to sleep at night. - 加比较状语：
I am reading the book written by Dayan as diligently as a bee.
融合定语与状语的“艳妆融合版”
In this simple but meaningful caricature, a man who looks rather depressed is saying, “All is over.” when covering his face with a hand. On the contrary, the other man active as well as optimistic is saying, “Luckily, there still exists a little.” as a bottle of water falls on the ground. （在这幅简单而意味深长的漫画中，一瓶水掉在了地上，一个看起来相当沮丧的男人用只手捂住脸说：“全完了。”相比之下，另一个积极乐观的男子则说：“幸好还剩点儿。”）
二、长难句中如何识别和翻译状语（从句）
识别：看到主语前有逗号隔开的部分通常是状语；熟悉状语从句引导词。
翻译：一般顺译，时间、原因、方式、目的、条件状语常放句首或主谓之间。
真题例句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. （希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. （行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据往往能直接被观察到，还有一部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。）George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. （波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，那么即使病人因服用该药而加速死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。）Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. （尽管心理健康是我们生活中的万能药，但它其实非常普通，因为你会发现，它一直在那里引领你完成所有艰难的选择。）More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work. （最近，研究人员在调查住房建筑业时发现，尽管建筑业的工作很复杂，但是得克萨斯州休斯敦市的那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人却始终能达到劳动生产力的最佳实践标准。）
第五节 眼花缭乱的句子成分之美——句子成分总结
句子主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语（可省）。
修饰成分（化妆工具）：定语（给名词化妆）、状语（给形容词、动词、句子化妆）、同位语（解释抽象名词）。
| 成分 | 主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 | 同位语 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 可充当形式 | 名词/代词/非谓语/从句 | 实义动词/系动词 | 名词/代词/非谓语/从句 | 名词/代词/非谓语/从句/形容词/介词短语 | 名词/代词/非谓语/从句/形容词/介词短语 | 副词/介词短语/非谓语/从句 | 名词/代词/非谓语/从句 |
长难句基本模样：（状语 +）主语（定语/同位语/状语）+ 谓语（时态/语态）+ 宾语/表语（定语/同位语/状语）
句子“化妆”示例
- 素颜：
They are singing songs. （他们正在唱歌。） - 艳妆融合：
When we are having English class, they, a group of vigorous university students, who like various kinds of challenges, are singing songs, Yesterday Once More and Country Road, which have been popular with youngsters although they have been strikingly tired. （当我们正在上英语课的时候，他们，作为一群充满活力、喜欢各种各样挑战的大学生，正在唱《昨日重现》和《乡村之路》这两首很受年轻人欢迎的歌曲，尽管他们确实很累了。） - 素颜：
English is important. （英语很重要。） - 艳妆融合：
With the development of cultural exchange, English as a major communicating tool in the world is so important that almost all Chinese students are learning it. （随着文化交流的发展，英语作为世界上主要的交流工具是如此重要，以至于几乎所有的中国学生都在学习英语。）
课后点兵
一、汉译英
Although times have been changing, Dayan is still that Dayan. （尽管时代一直在变，大雁一直是那个大雁。）Taking this opportunity, I show my sincere gratitude to the teacher who has helped me. （我借这次机会向帮助过我的老师表示衷心的感谢。）Because the movie is quite a thriller, you are not suggested to watch it alone. （因为这部电影相当惊悚，所以不建议你独自观看。）Life is so precious that we should never spend too much time browsing short videos. （生命如此宝贵，以至于我们不应该把很多时间花在浏览短视频上。）After watching this movie, I understood that only trying to change can let us go out of the impasse. （看完这部电影，我懂得了只有尝试改变才能让我们走出绝境。）In spite of all the difficulties, they managed to finish the task ahead of schedule. （尽管困难重重，但他们还是设法提前完成了任务。）People do not know the value of health until they are ill. （人们只有生病了，才知道健康的价值。）If you have a dream, you will have to protect it. （如果你有理想的话，就要去捍卫它。）I believe that as long as I have a dream, I will become different from others. （我相信，只要有梦想，我就会变得与众不同。）I find myself so excited that I can barely sit still or hold a thought in my head. （我发现自己是如此激动，以至不能静静地坐下来思考。）
二、英译汉（长难句分析）
The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation. 译文：那些容易内疚的孩子分享得更多，尽管他们并没有神奇地因其他孩子的匮乏而变得更有同情心。But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. 译文：但剩余的树木可以吸收更多可用的水分，因此它们能茁壮成长，同时修复森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. 译文：这些品牌鼓动有潮流意识的消费者将服饰视为一次性用品——洗一两次就不再穿了，虽然它们没有公开宣扬——并每隔几周就需要更新衣橱。Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.” 译文：在世界自然保护联盟的《濒危物种红色名录》上查阅“智人”，你会看到以下内容：“被列为无危物种，因为该物种分布范围非常广，适应能力强，目前数量在持续增长，且不存在导致其整体族群数量减少的重大威胁。”Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. 译文：如今，随着我们对人类所面临的一系列威胁有了更加深刻的了解，从小行星撞击地球到肆虐的流感，再到气候变化，乌托邦已经不再流行了。Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. 译文：从明年起，如果银行因不当行为而接受调查，那么银行高层管理人员的任何有保证的奖金都有可能被推迟10年发放。When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. 译文：这种做法在几十年前刚开始实施时，通常只适用于大一新生，为的是如果他们在过渡到大学课程的过程中遇到困难，给予他们一次在第一学年重修课程的机会。The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. 译文：最高法院所推翻的判例认为，如果一个企业将客户购买的商品运往某个州，而该企业在本州并没有诸如仓库或者办事处等实体经营场所，那么该企业就不需要为本州代收销售税。As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. 译文：正如《自然》杂志上的一篇新闻专题文章所述，近年来为研究者设立的一系列奖金丰厚的奖项已经加入诺贝尔奖的行列。We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 译文：我们把这种收费媒体定义为自有媒介，其访问量非常大，以至于其他机构把他们的广告内容或电子商务引擎放置到它的网络环境中。