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3.名词和名词性从句
第三章 从句首秀——名词（短语）和名词性从句
第一节 名词（短语）
一、名词（短语）能作什么成分
名词（短语）在句子中主要充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
- 主语：
The movie is very encouraging. （这部电影很鼓舞人心。） - 宾语：
I appreciate the hero. （我欣赏这位男主人公。） - 表语：
Andy is a tough guy. （安迪是一个坚强的人。） - 同位语：
I like the movie, The Shawshank Redemption. （我喜欢电影《肖申克的救赎》。）
二、什么是同位语
同位语是用来解释或补充说明名词的成分，通常直接跟在名词之后。
Dayan, my teacher, is so beautiful! （大雁，我老师，太漂亮了！）We, Chinese people, are brave and hard-working. （我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。）
三、什么可以作同位语
1. 代词作同位语
We all have strengths and weaknesses. （我们所有人都有优点和缺点。） all 作 We 的同位语。
2. 名词（短语）作同位语
Tiechui, a handsome boy, never fails to fascinate me. （铁锤，一个帅气的男生，总是能让我着迷。） a handsome boy 作 Tiechui 的同位语。
3. 动词 -ing 形式短语和动词不定式短语作同位语
I enjoy this sport, playing basketball. （我喜欢篮球这项运动。） playing basketball 作 sport 的同位语。He has a dream to travel round the world. （他有一个梦想——环游世界。） to travel round the world 作 a dream 的同位语。
4. 从句作同位语
The news that our volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. （我们排球队赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。） that 从句作 The news 的同位语。
四、同位语在写作中的应用
理解技巧：给抽象名词添加同位语，如同给句子“化妆”，使表达更丰满。
- 素颜：
Persistence is the key to success. （坚持是成功的关键。） - 化妆：
Persistence, a positive attitude, is the key to success. （坚持，一种积极的态度，是成功的关键。） - 素颜：
The Palace Museum receives tens of millions of tourists every year. （故宫博物院每年接待上千万的游客。） - 化妆：
The Palace Museum, one of the famous tourist attractions in China, receives tens of millions of tourists every year. （故宫博物院，中国著名旅游景点之一，每年接待游客上千万。） - 素颜：
We should support our domestic products. （我们应该支持国货。） - 化妆：
We, Chinese customers, should support our domestic products. （我们中国的消费者应该支持国货。） - 素颜：
A boy wrote the name of Beckham on his face. （一个男孩把贝克汉姆的名字写在了自己的脸上。） - 化妆：
A boy wrote the name of Beckham, a well-known British football player, on his face. （一个男孩把贝克汉姆——一位著名的英国足球运动员——的名字写在了自己的脸上。）
第二节 名词性从句概述
一、什么是从句
句子中的某些成分由类似句子的主谓结构担任，称为从句。从句不能独立存在。
二、什么是名词性从句
名词（短语）能充当的成分（主语、宾语、表语、同位语），名词性从句都能充当。因此名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
- 主语从句：
What I saw last night is very encouraging. （昨天我看的东西很鼓舞人心。） - 宾语从句：
I appreciate what the hero said in the movie. （我欣赏男主人公在电影中说的话。） - 表语从句：
Andy is who we should learn from. （安迪是我们应该学习的。） - 同位语从句：
I like the plot of the movie that Andy escaped from prison successfully. （我喜欢这部电影里安迪成功越狱的情节。）
三、名词性从句的引导词
所有从句都必须是陈述语序（引导词 + 主语 + 谓语）。引导词按从句类型分为三类：
| 从句类型 | 引导词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | that | 不充当成分，无实义。宾语从句中 that 可省略。 |
| 一般疑问句 | whether/if | 意为“是否”。whether 可引导所有名词性从句；if 只能引导宾语从句。 |
| 特殊疑问句 | 特殊疑问词 | when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose 等。有固定意思，不可省略。 |
- 陈述句 → that：
That Tiechui will win the competition is certain. （铁锤能赢得这场比赛是肯定的。） - 一般疑问句 → whether：
Whether Tiechui will win the competition is still a question. （铁锤能否赢得这场比赛依然是一个问题。） - 特殊疑问句 → why：
Why Tiechui can win the competition is self-evident. （铁锤为什么能赢得这场比赛是显而易见的。）
翻译练习
I wonder why human beings live on the earth. （我想知道人类为什么生活在地球上。）Whether aliens exist is really vital. （外星人存在与否真的很重要。）That people are quite indifferent to you when you are at a low point is self-evident. （当你身处低谷时，周围的人会对你很冷漠是显而易见的。）Why they left Henan for Xinjiang at the beginning is a secret. （他们当初为什么离开河南去新疆是一个秘密。）That reading can purify our souls is beyond dispute. （读书能净化我们的灵魂是毋庸置疑的。）Someday, you will find that your career, kinship and friendship are more important than love. （总有一天你会发现，你的事业、亲情和友情都比爱情重要。）I am reflecting whether I should give up the postgraduate entrance examination. （我正在思考我是否应该放弃考研。）Many people think that success means making a lot of money at all costs. （很多人认为成功就是不惜任何代价挣到很多钱。）Happiness is that a person can live his life in the way he wants. （幸福就是一个人可以按照自己想要的方式过完这一生。）The decision whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. （这个决定是对还是错，取决于结果。）
第三节 名词性从句的考点分析
一、写作
1. 主语从句
写作中常用 it 作形式主语，将主语从句后置，避免头重脚轻。
- 正常：
That she has succeeded in making friends makes me happy. （她成功地交到了朋友，这让我很高兴。） - 后置：
It makes me happy that she has succeeded in making friends. It is common knowledge that a positive attitude plays a key role in success. （积极的心态对于成功至关重要，这是常识。）It is my belief that the issue of pollution should be brought into the limelight under modern conditions. （我认为污染这个话题现在应该引起人们的关注。）
高分句式
It has been widely accepted that… 人们普遍认为……It is self-evident that… ……是显而易见的。It is common knowledge that… ……是常识。It is generally agreed that… 人们普遍认为……It is my belief that… = I think that… 我认为……It is universally acknowledged that… 人们普遍认为……It has been found that… 人们已经发现……It is beyond dispute that… ……是毋庸置疑的。
it 作形式主语的其他情况
当动词不定式（短语）、动词 -ing 形式（短语）作主语时，也常用 it 作形式主语。
- It + is + adj./n. + to do sth.
It is critical to learn English well. （学好英语至关重要。）It is indispensable to keep healthy. （保持健康是必要的。） - It + v. + to do sth.
It took us 2 hours to climb to the top of the mountain. （我们花了两个小时爬到了山顶。） - It’s + adj./n. + doing sth. （常用于 no good, waste, useless, no use 等后）
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. （覆水难收，后悔也于事无补。）It’s no good complaining—they never listen. （抱怨毫无用处，他们根本不听。）
2. 同位语从句
对抽象名词（fact, news, idea, truth, belief 等）进行解释说明，使句子层次丰富。
Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old. （没有什么能够掩盖她正在变老这个事实。）They spread the news everywhere that Dayan is a liar. （他们到处散播消息说大雁是个骗子。）The truth that nobody can become remarkable without endeavors is always ignored by a sea of people. （没有人会不努力就变得优秀，这个事实总是被很多人忽略。）The survey conveys the point that regular exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental health. （这项调查传达了定期锻炼对身心健康都有益这一观点。）The question whether English should be introduced into Chinese primary schools has sparked a wide-ranging discussion. （中国的小学是否应该引入英语，这个问题已经引发了广泛的讨论。）The question how long he stayed in Wencheng remains a mystery. （他在文城待了多久，这个问题仍然是一个谜。）
二、长难句分析
1. 主语从句的识别与翻译
识别：引导词在句首，且与主句谓语之间无逗号，即为句首主语从句。见到“It…that…”结构也可能是主语从句后置。
真题例句
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. 译文：板块正在移动现在是毋庸置疑的。For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. 译文：比如说，（人们）早就知道，完全剥夺睡眠对老鼠来说是绝对致命的，但是通过检查尸体，发现这些动物看起来又完全正常。How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 译文：这些预言能够在多大程度上被以后的表现证实，既取决于所使用信息的数量、可靠性和恰当性，也取决于解读这些信息的技能和才智。Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 译文：政府应该以牺牲技术为代价增加对纯科学的经费投入，还是以牺牲纯科学为代价增加对技术的经费投入，这取决于哪一项被视为驱动力。Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 译文：此外，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力和它的工农业效率直接密切相关，并且这转而又取决于各类科学家和技术专家的努力。It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. 译文：长久以来人们知道，当顾客翻看电话簿时，与名为 Zodiac 的出租车公司相比，名为 AAAA 的出租车公司占很大的优势。
2. 宾语从句的识别与翻译
识别：位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句。引导词 that 常可省略。翻译时通常顺着译。
She said (that) she would marry a young and promising doctor. （她说她会嫁给一位年轻有为的医生。）I wonder if I can pass the postgraduate entrance examination smoothly. （我不知道自己能否顺利通过研究生入学考试。）
真题例句
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshipers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. 译文：在西方，在大众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的大众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，总有一天他们（的肉体）会成为蠕虫的食物。He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 译文：他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对每句话都进行长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their theories. 译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，而且从某种意义上来说，他们通过这些方法，努力从自然中获取一些自然法则，然后根据这些自然法则和自己的一些特殊技能，建立起来自己的理论。He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 译文：他还坚称，自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力非常有限，因此他确信自己在数学方面永远不会取得成功。
it 作形式宾语 结构：主语 + 谓语 + it + adj./n. + to do/doing/从句
I find it hard to concentrate. （我发现很难集中注意力。）I think it necessary to learn English every day. （我认为每天学英语是很有必要的。）We must make it clear that authorities involved must spare no effort to curb the phenomenon of littering. （我们必须说清楚一点：相关部门一定要全力以赴地遏制乱扔垃圾的现象。）
3. 表语从句的识别与翻译
识别：位于系动词之后的从句。引导词包括 that, whether, as if/though, because, 以及连接代词和连接副词。
The problem is that we are too strict with others and too easy with ourselves. （问题是我们总是对别人要求很严格，却对自己过分宽容。）Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift. That is why it’s called the present! （昨天已成历史，明天依旧成谜，但是今天是一个礼物。这就是为什么要把它叫作现在。）
真题例句
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. 译文：去过美国的游客回去后总是说，大部分的美国人对他们多么友好、客气并且乐于帮忙。Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 译文：伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年，他是第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，旨在证实行星是绕着太阳旋转而不是绕着地球旋转的人。Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. （注意：此句为倒装，how 从句是主语，Far less certain 是表语。） 译文：然而，专家和官僚们能在多大程度上成功地选择我们的同辈群体，并引导他们的活动向良性的方向发展，这一点还远不确定。The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 译文：这个观点是，因为人们只回顾了过去相对较短一段时间的情况，所以他们没有察觉海洋中已经发生的巨大变化。
4. 同位语从句的识别与翻译
构成：抽象名词 + that/whether/连接代词/连接副词 + 完整的句子。翻译时，简单从句前置；复杂从句后置，用“那就是”“即”或“：”连接。
The news that her husband passed away spread throughout the village. （她的丈夫去世了，这个消息传遍了整个村庄。）I believe in the idea that poor children can succeed. （我相信穷人的孩子一定能成功这个观点。）
真题例句
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 译文：沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，因此他形成了这样一种观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯性思维的结构。A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. 译文：一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论：梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧伪装成的影子。Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 译文：这引起了人们的担心：证人可能会受到怂恿，在法庭上夸大事实以确保（陪审团）做出有罪的判决。Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. 译文：不幸福的父母很少被刺激去思考他们是否不该要孩子，但是不幸福的无子女者却被这样的信息所困扰——孩子是世界上唯一最重要的东西：很明显，他们的痛苦一定是由生活中没有孩子的缺憾直接造成的。Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. 译文：历届政府一直都允许这种增长，理由是投资和运营铁路网的费用应该由那些使用铁路网的人承担，而不是由全体纳税人员承担。
课后点兵
一、汉译英
It is conspicuous that triumphs belong to those sparing no efforts. （显而易见，成功属于那些全力以赴的人。）My argument is that poverty should not be an excuse to stop pursuing dreams. （我的论点是贫穷不应该成为停止追求梦想的借口。）It has been proved by numerous facts that the motivation of learning is far more important than learning itself. （学习的动机远比学习本身更重要，这已经被无数个事实所证明。）Young people should decide by themselves what they want to study and what career they would like to pursue. （年轻人应该自己决定自己想学什么，以及将来从事什么职业。）The news that Dayan’s nephew found a job made his family very happy. （大雁的侄子找到了工作这个消息使他的家人很开心。）Through all the hardships, you will find that you are braver than you thought. （熬过所有的苦，你会发现，原来自己比想象中更勇敢。）There is no doubt that success will come to those who stick to their dreams. （毫无疑问，成功终会属于那些坚持梦想的人。）At my lowest point, I still believe that I can definitely find a suitable job. （在人生的最低谷，我依然坚信，我一定可以找到合适的工作。）
二、英译汉（长难句分析）
Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards. 译文：爱丽丝·李指出，增加女性在董事会任职的机会，而不增加可以胜任这些席位的女性后备力量，已经导致了一种“金裙子”现象，即同一（小）群精英女性在不同的董事会中占据了多个席位。Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” 译文：罗德里格兹指出，全世界偏远乡村的儿童都是像阿诺德·施瓦辛格和加斯·布鲁克斯这样的超级明星的粉丝，然而“有些美国人担心，居住在美国境内的移民仍然以某种方式不受这个国家同化力量的影响。”To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived. 译文：要意识到戏剧活动当时是何等繁荣，我们还必须记住，许多戏剧已经失传，可能没有哪位知名作家的全部作品得以保存。A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 译文：1996年的一项新闻报道调查表明，很多其他团体也被贴上了反科学的标签，从提倡清除最后残留的天花病毒的政府机构到主张减少基础科学研究基金的共和党人。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 译文：他宣称反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术来克隆人，并下令禁止将联邦政府的资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要这样做——并且要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗主持的独立专家小组，在90天内就制定有关克隆人的国家政策提出建议，并向白宫汇报。There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. 译文：（律师）行业内部存在变革的呼声，但监管人员中反对变革的人坚持认为，禁止外行涉足法律事务所能使律师远离挣钱的压力，从而按照职业道德为委托人服务。In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. 译文：斯滕伯格在他的文章《智商测试有多智能？》一文中指出，传统的测试能很好地评估分析能力和语言能力，但是不能评估创造能力和实践知识，而这两者对于解决问题和在生活中获得成功也很重要。Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students “like them” can improve. 译文：由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会对学生们的教育经历产生怎样的影响，所以很多第一代大学生很难理解他们为什么会陷入挣扎，也不知道“像他们这样的”学生如何才能提升自己。In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional. 译文：在签署这项法案时，加州州长杰里·布朗承认，这项明确根据性别对人进行分类的法律很可能是违反宪法的。People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. 译文：人们已经惊讶地发现，有证据表明维多利亚时代的人也会享乐，会笑而且确实笑过。他们注意到，维多利亚时代的人似乎突然变得更有人情味了，因为我们共同的欢笑经历使我们之间大约100年的隔阂逐渐消失了。It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. 译文：它不是明确的有意行为；它是这样一种想法：我是教练，你们是我的团队，我们同舟共济。This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. 译文：这种做法以家里需要女性的论断为解释依据，于是，陪审团鲜有女性代表的状况在整个20世纪60年代都在持续。To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. 译文：今天读这样的书会惊讶地发现一个事实：这些学术性的内容曾一度被认为适合在面向大众的日报上刊登。Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. 译文：这种传闻的证据很好地印证了一个观点：只有某些特殊群体才能推动潮流。With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home. 译文：由于角色的模糊，以及职业女性在家比在职场更难调整自己这一事实，女性在家中压力更大就不足为奇了。Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. 译文：他们的论题——相对较小的干预可能产生大影响——是基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最缺乏的可能并不是潜力，而是如何处理多数大学生都会面临的各种问题的实践知识。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. 译文：所谓有影响力的人的重要性，源于一个听起来似乎可信但很大程度上未经证实的“二级传播理论”：信息经由媒体传递给有影响力的人，再由有影响力的人传播给其他所有人。The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. 译文：同样是这些重大的技术变革，在给营销商带来更多的（以及更多样化的）传播渠道选择的同时，也增加了风险，那就是充满激情的消费者会以更快、更公开可见和更具破坏性的方式发表他们的观点。