第四章 考研英语命穴——定语和定语从句#

1. 形容词（短语）作定语#

• That kind-hearted nightingale lost its life. （那只善良的夜莺失去了它的生命。）
• This extraordinary rose turns dark red. （这朵非凡的玫瑰花变成了深红色。）

2. 名词（短语）作定语#

• The nightingale’s singing can make the rose bloom. 或 The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom. （夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花开放。）
• The student fell in love with the professor’s daughter. 或 The student fell in love with the daughter of the professor. （学生爱上了教授的女儿。）

3. 介词短语作定语#

• The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man. （窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的叹息。）
• I only have roses as white as foam. （我只有和浪花沫一样白的玫瑰花。）

4. 非谓语动词（短语）作定语#

• The singing nightingale died pitifully. （那只唱歌的夜莺死得很可怜。）
• The innocent nightingale must have fallen in love with the student deceived by the girl. （单纯的夜莺一定是爱上了那个被女孩欺骗的学生。）

5. 从句作定语#

• The rose which the nightingale exchanged its life for was discarded. （夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。）
• I like the jewelry that the prince gave me. （我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝。）

定语位置规律：“前短后长”。一个单词作定语通常前置，两个以上单词作定语通常后置。

翻译练习

• This is a story about a nightingale and a rose. （这是一个关于夜莺与玫瑰的故事。）
• At the party of the prince, the youngster understanding love was rejected. （在王子的舞会上，那个懂爱的年轻人被拒绝了。）
• The dumped boy looks pitiful. 或 The boy dumped looks pitiful. （那个被抛弃的男孩看起来很可怜。）
• The dream of the stockbroker is to become a painter. （这个证券经纪人的梦想是成为一名画家。）
• The hero without any painting foundation dreams of becoming a painter. （没有任何画画基础的男主人公却梦想成为一名画家。）
• The man abandoning his family and his job went to Paris. （抛弃了家人和工作的这个男人去了巴黎。）

一、定语从句的构成#

构成：先行词 [名词（短语）/代词] + 引导词 + 从句其他部分。从句修饰名词时一定放在名词后面。

• Her favorite celebrity is Kobe who is good at playing basketball. （她最喜欢的明星是科比，他擅长打篮球。）先行词：Kobe，引导词：who

二、定语从句的引导词#

核心规律：先行词为人时，that 等同于 who；先行词为物时，that 等同于 which。

引导词按词性分类：

1. 代词（在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语）：who, whom（在从句中仅充当宾语）, that, which
2. 副词（在从句中不能充当主干成分）：where, when, why
3. 形容词（在从句中只能充当定语，修饰名词）：whose

练习

• 先行词是人，从句缺主语：that/who。Tiechui is the millionaire who falls in love with Dayan. （铁锤是爱着大雁的百万富翁。）
• 先行词是人，从句缺宾语：that/who/whom。Tiechui is the millionaire whom Dayan falls in love with. （铁锤是大雁爱着的百万富翁。）
• 先行词是人，从句缺定语：whose。Tiechui is the millionaire whose father is impoverished. （铁锤是百万富翁，他的父亲很贫困。）
• 先行词是时间，从句主谓完整：when。I might never forget the day when we met each other. （我永远忘不了我们遇见彼此的那一天。）
• 先行词是时间，从句缺宾语：which/that。I might never forget the day that we spent. （我永远忘不了我们度过的那一天。）
• 先行词是原因，从句主系表完整：why。You had better offer some reasons why you are late. （你最好给出一些你迟到的理由。）
• 先行词是原因，从句缺主语：which/that。You had better offer some reasons that sound perfect. （你最好给出一些听上去完美的理由。）
• 先行词是物 the house，从句缺定语：whose。Watch out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. （小心！不要靠近这所房子，房顶正在维修。）
• 先行词是地点 the small town，从句不缺主干成分：where。After living in Beijing for sixty years, she returned to the small town where she grew up as a child. （在北京生活了60年以后，她回到了她儿时长大的小城镇。）

三、定语从句的先行词#

难点：定语从句不一定紧跟先行词，中间可能插入其他成分。寻找先行词要靠句意，不能只看位置。

真题例句

• 先行词是 reactions 而非 listener：The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension. （说话人所使用的语言会激起听者不好的反应，这些反应会干扰听者的理解。）
• which 指代前面整句内容：The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. （希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。）
• which 指代前面主句内容：My husband enjoys talking with other ladies, which drives me crazy. （我的丈夫喜欢和别的女性聊天，这让我很抓狂。）
• 定语从句与先行词被隔开：As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. （作为一名语言学家，他承认各种各样的人类语言都具有强大的表现力——世界上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。）

四、定语从句的特殊用法#

五、定语从句和同位语从句的区别#

• 定语从句（that 作主语）：I had a dream that was definitely sweet. （我做了一个很美的梦。）
• 同位语从句（that 不充当成分，解释 dream 内容）：I had a dream that I would become a rich lady someday. （我做了一个有一天我会变成女富豪的梦。）

一、写作#

理解技巧：定语为名词“化妆”，使句子丰满生动，长短结合。

• 素颜版：Keeping pets can relieve loneliness. （养宠物可以缓解孤独。）
• 定妆版：Keeping those pets that look so cute and smart can relieve loneliness of some senior citizens who stay at home alone. （养那些看起来很可爱聪明的宠物可以缓解一些独自待在家里的老年人的孤独感。）
• 素颜版：Worshipping stars blindly will waste time. （盲目追星将会浪费时间。）
• 定妆版：Worshipping stars who are good at singing and dancing blindly will waste time of young people who should have spent more energy on their studies. （盲目崇拜那些擅长唱歌跳舞的明星，会浪费年轻人的时间，他们本应该把更多的精力花在学业上。）
• 素颜版：Reading books can broaden horizons. （读书能够开拓视野。）
• 定妆版：Reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden the horizons of teenagers. （阅读有益于我们身心健康的书籍可以开阔我们青少年的视野。）

二、长难句分析#

识别：名词后只要不是谓语动词（有时态或语态的动词），就暂定为定语。定语一般从名词（短语）后开始，到主句谓语之前结束；如主句谓语在定语前出现，定语通常到句末结束。大定语里常有多个小定语，每个小定语到下一个名词处结束。

翻译方法：短定语前置翻译；长定语后置翻译，重复先行词或使用代词替代。

真题例句

• Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. （在这些原因中，有些完全是社会需求的合理结果，另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的合理结果。）
• In short, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” （简而言之，新学派的一个领袖认为，“我们所说的科学革命很大程度上是一系列工具的改善、发明和使用，而这些改善、发明和使用使科学向很多个方向发展。”）
• In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. （在欧洲，像其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功，这些集团把在工作上彼此联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社整合到了一起。）
• Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. （不同的文化和传统把古老的欧洲大陆编织成一个彼此相连的整体，但打造一个尊重这些文化和传统的“欧洲名片”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。）
• Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. （皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。）
• Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. （法国参议院于上周四通过了一项数字服务税，将对法国境内为消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型跨国企业征收一项全新的税种。）
• Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.” （蒙特菲奥里医疗中心的主任南希·道布勒认为，这条原则将会保护一些医生，这些医生直到现在还一直坚持认为，如果给病人充分的药物来止痛会加速他们死亡的话，那就不能这样做。）
• There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. （医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。）
• The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. （20世纪下半叶，一群天才、勇士、企业家以及有远见卓识的人联合起来努力创造了一台极好的机器，这台机器可用作打字机和印刷机、演播室和影剧院、画笔和画廊、钢琴和收音机、邮件和邮差。）
• Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. （如今，任何申请研究岗位的人发表的论文数量，必须是十年前同一个岗位所要求的两倍。）

一、汉译英#

1. Tiechui, who looks very cold, is actually very humorous. （看起来非常冷漠的铁锤其实很幽默。）
2. Doors will be decorated with couplets whose topics include health, wealth and good luck. （人们还会在门上粘贴对联，对联的主题有健康、发财和好运。）
3. Mount Hua, which is 120 kilometers away from Xi’an, is located in Huayin City. （华山位于华阴市，距西安120千米。）
4. The reason why I was late is that I missed the first bus. （我迟到的原因是没有赶上头班公共汽车。）
5. He cycles from home to his office every day, which is pretty good for his health. （他每天骑自行车从家去办公室，这对他的健康非常好。）
6. In recent years, more and more cities in China have begun to build subways, which have the advantages of safety, convenience and comfort. （近年来，中国有越来越多的城市开始建设地铁。地铁具有安全、便利和舒适的优点。）
7. Mount Huang, which is located in the southern part of Anhui Province, is famous for its unique scenery, especially its sunrise and sea of clouds. （黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著名。）
8. Paper cutting is one of the most popular forms of traditional folk art in China, which has a history of over 1,500 years and was quite popular in the Ming and Qing dynasties. （剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。）
9. Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examinations often find that the outcome is unsatisfactory. （那些上课不认真听课，又希望能通过考试的学生，往往发现结果并不能令他们满意。）
10. The annual Chinese Speech Contest for foreigners was held in Changsha this year, which proved to be a good way to promote cultural exchange between China and other countries in the world and provided young people from all over the world with a chance to know China better. （今年在长沙举行了一年一度的外国人汉语演讲比赛，这项比赛证明是促进中国和世界其他国家文化交流的好方法。它为世界各地的年轻人提供了更好地了解中国的机会。）

二、英译汉（长难句分析）#

1. In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are. 译文：在一个对你的生活及生活意义漠不关心的职场中，办公室用语能帮你理清自己和工作的关系，以及你的工作如何定义你。
2. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. 译文：这些人可能先前曾迫切需要找到一份提供保险的全职工作，来为自己和家人投保。
3. In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. 译文：换言之，在工人阶级已完全转变了国家的政治观念，为曾经定义美国的机会正在消失而感到灰心的时候，一个显而易见的解决之道一直就摆在我们面前。
4. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers. 译文：但这个说法在艾奥瓦州并不怎么被群众买账，该州的风力涡轮发电机遍布田野并且提供该州36%的发电量——微软等科技巨头也被这里能为其数据中心供电的清洁能源的易获得性所吸引。
5. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. 译文：几乎每位接受这个特别报道采访的人都说：当前最大的问题不是缺乏需求，而是缺乏可供销售的好作品。
6. The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. 译文：数字经济巨头的势力和野心着实令人瞠目结舌——亚马逊公司刚刚宣布以135亿美元收购了高端连锁食品店“全食超市”，而就在两年前，脸书以更高的价格收购了WhatsApp信息服务，该服务甚至没有任何实体产品。
7. In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. 译文：简言之，最能描绘目前危机的图画是一幅典型的卡通画：一个男人坐在早餐桌前，手握一份报纸，基本遮住了他的脸，而一个女人则怒视着报纸背面，很想交谈。
8. But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students. 译文：但这篇文章事实上相当乐观，因其针对这个问题概述了一种可能的解决方案，这个方法（涉及一个耗时一小时，几乎零成本的项目）能够缩小第一代大学生与其他学生之间63%的学业成就差距（以成绩等指标衡量）。
9. Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”. 译文：哈格尔表示，在美国，我们设计了那些倾向于“严格遵守流程”和“高度标准化”的工作，这些工作没有给“个人主观能动性或创造性”留下空间。
10. In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. 译文：在许多方面，道德目的缺失不仅体现在如此大范围的电话窃听实情上，还体现在审判所依据的措辞上。
11. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA. 译文：“分数宽容”政策允许学生重修分数较低的课程，而在计算总平均绩点时只计入最近一次取得的成绩或分数最高的一次成绩。
12. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. 译文：这些赞助人声称，他们在自己所涉领域已经获得成功，于是想用自己的财富来吸引人们关注那些在科学领域取得成功的人士。